Layer 2 fees is an important advancement, as it optimizes data availability in a more cost-effective manner, thereby enhancing the overall economic efficiency of the network. However, whether it will sustainably lower costs in the long term depends on broader adoption dynamics and complementary technological improvements. Looking ahead, the true inflection point for Ethereum’s scalability and economic model may well lie in the implementation of execution sharding, which could dramatically increase throughput by parallelizing transaction execution. Statelessness also holds potential to reduce node operating costs, fostering greater decentralization and security. Ultimately, the path Ethereum takes will reflect a balance between technological innovation and economic incentives, aiming to maintain a robust, scalable network without compromising decentralization or security. The real innovation, therefore, may emerge from how these elements integrate cohesively to reshape Ethereum’s economic infrastructure.